Albany, New York, PDX Shuttle Airport
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Albany City
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PDX shuttle airport Albany, New York
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• Zip code: 97321-22
• 155$
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Albany(/ˈɔːlbəni/ (listen)AWL-bə-nee) is the capital of theU.S. stateofNew Yorkand theseatand largest city ofAlbany County. Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles (16 km) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles (220 km) north ofNew York City.
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Albanyis known for its rich history, commerce, culture, architecture, and institutions of higher education. Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District ofNew York State, which comprises the Albany–Schenectady–Troy,NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy, Schenectady, andSaratoga Springs. With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state. As of the 2010 census, the population of Albany was 97,856.
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The area that later becameAlbanywas settled by Dutch colonists who, in 1614, built Fort Nassau for fur trading and, in 1624, builtFort Orange. In 1664, the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city asAlbany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was officiallycharteredin 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of theUnited States.Albanyis one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and is the longest continuously chartered city in theUnited States.
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During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th,Albanywas a center of trade and transportation. The city lies toward the north end of the navigable Hudson River, was the original eastern terminus of the Erie Canal connecting to the Great Lakes, and was home to some of the earliestrailroad systemsin the world. In the 1920s, a powerfulpolitical machinecontrolled by the Democratic Party arose inAlbany. In the latter part of the 20th century, Albany experienced a decline in its population due to urban sprawl and suburbanization; however, theNew York StateLegislature approved a $234 million building and renovation plan for the City in the 1990s that spurred renovation and building projects around the downtown area. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in thehigh-technology industry, with great strides in thenanotechnologysector.
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Albanyis one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in theUnited States. The Hudson River area was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican (Mahican), who called itPempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw, meaning "the fireplace of the Mohican nation." Based to the west along the Mohawk River, the Iroquoian-speaking Mohawk referred to it asSche-negh-ta-da, or "through the pine woods," referring to the path they took there. The Mohawk were one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, orHaudenosaunee,and became strong trading partners with the Dutch and English. It is likely the Albany area was visited by European fur traders, perhaps as early as 1540, but the extent and duration of those visits has not been determined.
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Permanent European claims began when Englishman Henry Hudson, exploring for the Dutch East India Company on theHalf Moon(Dutch:Halve Maen), reached the area in 1609, claiming it for theUnited Netherlands. In 1614, Hendrick Christiaensen builtFort Nassau, a fur-trading post and the first documented European structure in present-day Albany. Commencement of the fur trade provoked hostility from theFrench colony in Canadaand among the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade. In 1618, a flood ruined the fort on Castle Island, but it was rebuilt in 1624 asFort Orange. Both forts were named in honor of the leading family of the Dutch Revolt, members of the House of Orange-Nassau. Fort Orange and the surrounding area were incorporated as the village ofBeverwijck(English: Beaverwick or Beaver District) in 1652. In these early decades of trade, the Dutch, Mohican and Mohawk developed relations that reflected differences among their three cultures.
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WhenNew Netherlandwas captured by the English in 1664, the name was changed fromBeverwijcktoAlbanyin honor of the Duke of Albany (later James II of England and James VII of Scotland). Duke of Albany was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of theKing of Scots. The name is ultimately derived fromAlba, theGaelicname forScotland. The Dutch briefly regained Albany in August 1673 and renamed the cityWillemstadt; the English took permanent possession with theTreaty of Westminster (1674). On November 1, 1683, theProvince of New Yorkwas split into counties, withAlbany Countybeing the largest. At that time the county included all of present New York State north of Dutchess and Ulster Counties in addition to present-dayBennington County, Vermont, theoretically stretching west to the Pacific Ocean; Albany became thecounty seat. Albany was formally chartered as a municipality by provincial Governor Thomas Dongan on July 22, 1686. The Dongan Charter was virtually identical in content to the charter awarded to the city of New York three months earlier. Dongan created Albany as a strip of land 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 16 miles (26 km) long. Over the years Albany would lose much of the land to the west andannexland to the north and south. At this point, Albany had a population of about 500 people.
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In 1754, representatives of sevenBritish North Americancolonies met in theStadt Huys, Albany's city hall, for the Albany Congress; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies. Although it was never adopted by Parliament, it was an important precursor to theUnited States Constitution. The same year, the French and Indian War, the fourth in aseries of warsdating back to 1689, began; it ended in 1763 with French defeat, resolving a situation that had been a constant threat to Albany and held back its growth. In 1775, with the colonies in the midst of the Revolutionary War, theStadt Huysbecame home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence (the political arm of the local revolutionary movement), which took over operation of Albany's government and eventually expanded its power to control all ofAlbany County. Tories and prisoners of war were often jailed in theStadt Huysalongside common criminals. In 1776, Albany native Philip Livingston signed the Declaration of Independence atIndependence HallinPhiladelphia.
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During and after the Revolutionary War,AlbanyCounty saw a great increase in real estate transactions. After Horatio Gates defeated John Burgoyne at Saratoga in 1777, the upper Hudson Valley was generally at peace as the war raged on elsewhere. Prosperity was soon seen all overUpstate New York. Migrants from Vermont and Connecticut began flowing in, noting the advantages of living on the Hudson and trading atAlbany, while being only a few days' sail from New York City.Albanyreported a population of 3,498 in thefirst national censusin 1790, an increase of almost 700% since its chartering.
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On November 17, 1793, a large fire broke out, destroying 26 homes on Broadway, Maiden Lane, James Street, and State Street. The fire originated at a stable belonging toLeonard Gansevoortand was suspected to bearsonset by disgruntled slaves. Three slaves were arrested and charged with arson: a male slave named Pompey, owned by Matthew Visscher; a 14-year old slave girl named Dinah, owned by Volkert P. Douw; and a 12-year old slave girl named Bet, owned by Philip S. Van Rensselaer. On January 6, 1794, the three were tried and sentenced to death. For reasons unknown, Governor George Clinton issued a temporary stay of execution, but the slave girls were executed by hanging on March 14, and Pompey on April 11, 1794.
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In 1797, thestate capitalofNew Yorkwas moved permanently to Albany. Fromstatehoodto this date, theLegislaturehad frequently moved the state capital betweenAlbany,Kingston,Hurley,Poughkeepsie, andthe city of New York.sup>/sup>Albanyis the tenth-oldest state capital in theUnited States, but is the second-oldest city that is a state capital, afterSanta Fe, New Mexico.
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